The Hartley Oscillator
The main disadvantages of the basic LC Oscillator circuit we looked at in the previous tutorial is that
they have no means of controlling the amplitude of the oscillations and also, it is difficult to tune the oscillator to the
required frequency. If the cumulative electromagnetic coupling between L1 and L2
is too small there would be insufficient feedback and the oscillations would eventually die away to zero. Likewise if the
feedback was too strong the oscillations would continue to increase in amplitude until they were limited by the circuit
conditions producing signal distortion. So it becomes very difficult to "tune" the oscillator.
However, it is possible to feed back exactly the right amount of voltage for constant amplitude
oscillations. If we feed back more than is necessary the amplitude of the oscillations can be controlled by biasing the
amplifier in such a way that if the oscillations increase in amplitude, the bias is increased and the gain of the amplifier
is reduced. If the amplitude of the oscillations decreases the bias decreases and the gain of the amplifier increases,
thus increasing the feedback. In this way the amplitude of the oscillations are kept constant using a process known as
Automatic Base Bias.
One big advantage of automatic base bias in a voltage controlled oscillator, is that the oscillator can
be made more efficient by providing a Class-B bias or even a Class-C bias condition of the transistor. This has the advantage
that the collector current only flows during part of the oscillation cycle so the quiescent collector current is very small.
Then this "self-tuning" base oscillator circuit forms one of the most common types of LC parallel resonant feedback oscillator
configurations called the Hartley Oscillator circuit.
Hartley Oscillator Tuned Circuit
In the Hartley Oscillator the tuned LC circuit is connected between the collector and
the base of the transistor amplifier. As far as the oscillatory voltage is concerned, the emitter is connected to a tapping
point on the tuned circuit coil. The feedback of the tuned tank circuit is taken from the centre tap of the inductor coil
or even two separate coils in series which are in parallel with a variable capacitor, C as shown.
The Hartley circuit is often referred to as a split-inductance oscillator because coil
L is centre-tapped. In effect, inductance L acts like two separate coils
in very close proximity with the current flowing through coil section XY induces a signal into coil
section YZ below. An Hartley Oscillator circuit can be made from any configuration that uses either
a single tapped coil (similar to an autotransformer) or a pair of series connected coils in parallel with a single capacitor
as shown below.
Basic Hartley Oscillator Circuit
When the circuit is oscillating, the voltage at point X (collector), relative to point
Y (emitter), is 180o out-of-phase with the voltage at point Z (base)
relative to point Y. At the frequency of oscillation, the impedance of the Collector load is resistive and
an increase in Base voltage causes a decrease in the Collector voltage. Then there is a 180o phase change in the voltage
between the Base and Collector and this along with the original 180o phase shift in the feedback loop provides the correct
phase relationship of positive feedback for oscillations to be maintained.
The amount of feedback depends upon the position of
the "tapping point" of the inductor. If this is moved nearer to
the collector the amount of feedback is increased, but the output taken
between the Collector and earth is reduced and vice versa.
Resistors, R1 and R2 provide the usual stabilizing DC bias for the transistor in
the normal manner while the capacitors act as DC-blocking capacitors.
In this Hartley Oscillator circuit, the DC Collector current flows through part of the coil and for
this reason the circuit is said to be "Series-fed" with the frequency of oscillation of the Hartley Oscillator being given as.
Note: LT is the total cumulatively coupled inductance if two separate
coils are used including their mutual inductance, M.
The frequency of oscillations can be adjusted by varying the "tuning" capacitor, C
or by
varying the position of the iron-dust core inside the coil (inductive
tuning) giving an output over a wide range of frequencies making
it very easy to tune. Also the Hartley Oscillator produces an output amplitude which is constant over the entire frequency range.
As well as the Series-fed Hartley Oscillator above, it is also possible to connect the tuned tank circuit across the
amplifier as a shunt-fed oscillator as shown below.
Shunt-fed Hartley Oscillator Circuit
In the Shunt-fed Hartley Oscillator both the AC and DC components of the Collector current have separate paths around the circuit. Since the DC component is blocked by the capacitor, C2 no DC flows through the inductive coil, L and less power is wasted in the tuned circuit. The Radio Frequency Coil (RFC), L2 is an RF choke which has a high reactance at the frequency of oscillations so that most of the RF current is applied to the LC tuning tank circuit via capacitor, C2 as the DC component passes through L2 to the power supply. A resistor could be used in place of the RFC coil, L2 but the efficiency would be less.
Example No1
A Hartley Oscillator circuit having two individual inductors of 0.5mH each, are designed to
resonate in parallel with a variable capacitor that can be varied from 100pF to 500pF. Determine the upper and lower frequencies
of oscillation and also the Hartley oscillators bandwidth.
The frequency of oscillations for a Hartley Oscillator is given as:
The circuit consists of two inductive coils in series, so the total inductance is given as:
Upper Frequency
Lower Frequency
Oscillator Bandwidth
Hartley Oscillator using an Op-amp
As well as using a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) as the amplifiers active stage of the Hartley
oscillator, we can also use either a field effect transistor, (FET) or an operational amplifier, (op-amp). The operation
of an Op-amp Hartley Oscillator is exactly the same as for the transistorised version with the frequency
of operation calculated in the same manner. Consider the circuit below.
Hartley Oscillator Op-amp Circuit
The advantage of constructing a Hartley oscillator using an operational amplifier as its active stage is that the gain of the op-amp can be very easily adjusted using the feedback resistors R1 and R2. As with the transistorised oscillator above, the gain of the circuit must be equal too or slightly greater than the ratio of L1/L2. If the two inductive coils are wound onto a common core and mutual inductance M exists then the ratio becomes (L1+M)/(L2+M).
Hartley Oscillator Summary
Then to summarise, the Hartley Oscillator consists of a parallel LC
resonator tank circuit whose feedback is achieved by way of an inductive divider. Like most oscillator circuits, the Hartley
oscillator exists in several forms, with the most common form being the transistor circuit above.
This Hartley Oscillator configuration has a tuned tank circuit with its resonant coil tapped to
feed a fraction of the output signal back to the emitter of the transistor. Since the output of the transistors emitter is
always "in-phase" with the output at the collector, this feedback signal is positive. The oscillating frequency which is a
sine-wave voltage is determined by the resonance frequency of the tank circuit.
In the next tutorial about Oscillators, we will look at another type of LC
oscillator circuit that is the opposite to the Hartley oscillator called the
Colpitts Oscillator. The Colpitts
oscillator uses two capacitors in series to form a centre tapped capacitance in parallel with a single inductance within
its resonant tank circuit.
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